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An in situ electron spin resonance (ESR)-electrochemical method was employed to study the interconversion of polarons and bipolarons of polyaniline during the electrochemical polymerization of aniline. The ESR signal was hardly observed for the first scan during electrolysis of the solution containing 20 mM aniline and 1 M HCl when the potential was swept from 0 to 1.07 V (vs saturated calomel electrode)...
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