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Current smallpox vaccines are live vaccinia viruses that replicate in the vaccinee inducing immunity against the deadly disease smallpox. Replication resulting in virus spread within the host, however, is the major cause of severe postvaccinal adverse events. Therefore, attenuated strains such as modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) or LC16m8 are candidates as next generation vaccines. These strains are...
Defective vaccinia viruses were constructed that express functional Moloney murine leukemia virus-based vector genomes, giving rise to substantial titers of transduction-competent retrovirus particles after infection of a retroviral packaging cell line. For this purpose, the proviral retrovirus genome, engineered into the vaccinia virus mutant, was subjected to several modifications, including the...
The complete genomic DNA sequence of the highly attenuated vaccinia strain modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) was determined. The genome of MVA is 178 kb in length, significantly smaller than that of the vaccinia Copenhagen genome, which is 192 kb. The 193 open reading frames (ORFs) mapped in the MVA genome probably correspond to 177 genes, 25 of which are split and/or have suffered mutations resulting...
We have investigated the requirements necessary for high-level production of the hepatitis B virus (HBV strain ayw) large surface glycoprotein preS1 with vaccinia virus (VV) recombinants. In earlier studies, only nanogram amounts of preS1 could be obtained from cells infected with an appropriate recombinant VV carrying the preS1 gene under the transcriptional control of a conventional VV promoter...
Selection of an optimal promoter is necessary for efficient expression of foreign genes with vaccinia virus. Since a variety of powerful (homologous) vaccinia virus promoters and foreign (heterologous) promoter systems have been described for use in vaccinia, we have addressed the question of whether a general rule exists that allows the prediction of the optimal promoter/gene combination. We have...
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