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State of charge (SOC) is one of the most critical parameters for indication of the remaining energy which is vital important for the safety and reliability of power system. In this paper, Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) algorithm optimized multi-hidden-layer wavelet neural network (WNN) model and a series of novel intelligent SOC estimation methods using L-M based WNN are proposed. Particle swarm optimization...
The SOC (state of charge) is the most important index of the battery management systems. However, it cannot be measured directly with sensors and must be estimated with mathematical techniques. An accurate battery model is crucial to exactly estimate the SOC. In order to improve the model accuracy, this paper presents an improved parameter identification method. Firstly, the concept of polarization...
There are usually two explanations for the physical reasons of the high injection effects in silicon bipolar transistors: one is the effective base widening effect proposed by Kirk, the other is the base conductivity modulation effect proposed by Webster, the emitter current crowding effect intensifies these two effects. In this paper, low temperature characteristics of these three important effects...
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