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Patients with systemic autoimmune diseases show increased incidence of atherosclerosis. However, the contribution of proatherogenic factors to autoimmunity remains unclear. We found that atherogenic mice (herein referred to as LDb mice) exhibited increased serum interleukin-17, which was associated with increased numbers of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in secondary lymphoid organs. The environment within...
Although patients with atherosclerosis have a higher incidence of systemic autoimmune diseases, the relationship between proatherogenic factors and autoimmune T cell responses is poorly understood. Mice lacking both LDL receptor and apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme (Ldlr−/−Apobec1−/−; LDb) are hyperlipidemic and prone to atherosclerosis. Here, we show that LDb mice exhibit increased IL-17 in circulation...
The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a major role in innate immune responses by activating caspase-1, resulting in secretion of interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1β. Although cytosolic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and bacterial RNA are known to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, the upstream sensor is unknown. We investigated the potential function of DExD/H-box RNA helicase family members (previously shown to sense...
In an immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) as well as powerful sensors of danger signals. When DCs receive signals from infection and tissue stress, they immediately activate and instruct the initiation of appropriate immune responses to T cells. However, it has remained unclear how the tissue microenvironment in a steady state shapes the function of...
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have potential influence on innate and adaptive immune responses. In this issue of Immunity, Takagi et al. (2011) established mice lacking pDCs and explored the impact of pDC ablation in vivo.
Previous studies suggest that thymus produces a homogenous population of natural regulatory T (Treg) cells that express a transcriptional factor FOXP3 and control autoimmunity through a cell-contact-dependent mechanism. We found two subsets of FOXP3 + natural Treg cells defined by the expression of the costimulatory molecule ICOS in the human thymus and periphery. Whereas the ICOS + ...
A small percentage of human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I)-infected individuals develop adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). In animal experiments, inoculation of HTLV-I via the oral route, which is the main route of mother-to-child viral transmission in humans as a result of breastfeeding, induced host HTLV-I-specific T-cell unresponsiveness and resulted in increased viral load. This strongly suggested...
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