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Background: Since 1988 we have used mantle irradiation alone for patients with CSI or II HD with low probability of abdominal involvement at laparotomy (i.e.: patients with NS or LP histology, no B symptoms, and a No. of involved sites ≤4; Cancer 1989, 63: 1799-803) and no more than one of the negative prognostic factors (male sex, age >40, ESR > 40, No. of involved sites >2, or bulky palpable...