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Raised serum beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) not due to pregnancy can occur as a consequence of (1) gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), (2) non-gestational trophoblastic tumours, (3) a false-positive β-hCG, (4) the menopause or (5) a high normal level. Accurate differentiation between these causes is vital to avoid potentially inappropriate investigations and therapies, which may...