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The E2 open reading frame of bovine papillomavirus (BPV)-1 encodes a 410 amino acid (aa) transcriptional activator, E2-TA, and collinear polypeptides—E2-TR (243 aa) and E8^E2 (196 aa). E8^E2 and E2-TR share the DNA-binding domain of E2-TA, and both have been defined as transcriptional repressors. Although purified E2-TR and E8^E2 proteins specifically bound E2 sites with similar affinities, only the...
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are critical mediators of gene expression, cell growth and immune responses. We previously demonstrated that interferon (IFN) induction of early viral transcription and replication in several mucosal HPVs requires IRF-1 binding to a conserved interferon response element (IRE). Here we show that the IRF-2 protein serves as a baseline transactivator of the HPV-16...
Transcription from the major upstream early gene promoter, P89, of bovine papillomavirus (BPV)-1 is detectable in transfected cells lacking viral gene products yet also responds to viral E2 proteins. In contrast to human papillomaviruses (HPVs), the BPV upstream regulatory region (URR) functions as a transcriptional enhancer in epithelial cells and fibroblasts of bovine, murine or human origin. Mutations...
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