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Low and high molecular weight carboxylic acids (LMWA and HMWA, respectively) are polar organic compounds that appear in transformers as by-products of the aging of the oil and cellulosic materials. Due to its polar nature and easy absorption by the cellulose, the presence of LMWA in cellulose affects its dielectric frequency response (DFR) in a manner similar to the influence of water. As a result,...
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