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Cigarette smoke (CS) substances are known to induce diverse ailments such as cancer, decreased immunity, and lung diseases. Although some studies have been actively conducted to evaluate cigarette toxicity, the current animal exposure methods, that is, exposure of 28‐ or 90‐days, require considerable research cost and lead to obscure results of the CS effects. In a previous study, we compared the...
The heart is the first organ formed in the developing fetus, and abnormal development of the heart is a major cause of fetal death. The adverse effects of cigarette smoke on the heart have been well established, but it is not well understood how cigarette smoke components regulate signaling molecules and cardiac specific functions during the early differentiation stage of the embryonic heart. In this...
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