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In this paper, we survey recent progress in CyberCardia project, a CPS Frontier project funded by the National Science Foundation. The CyberCardia project will lead to significant advances in the state of the art for system verification and cardiac therapies based on the use of formal methods and closed-loop control and verification. The animating vision for the work is to enable the development of...
Medical devices like the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) are life-critical systems. Malfunctions of the device can cause serious injury or death of the patient. In addition to rigorous testing and verification during the development process, new medical devices often go through clinical trials to evaluate their safety and performance on sample populations. Clinical trials are costly and...
Regulatory authorities require that the safety and efficacy of a new high-risk medical device be proven in a Clinical Trial (CT), in which the effects of the device on a group of patients are compared to the effects of the current standard of care. Phase III trials can run for several years, cost millions of dollars, and expose patients to an unproven device. In this paper, we demonstrate how to use...
The tight coupling of computation, communication and control with physical systems such as actuation of closed-loop medical devices within the human body, peak power minimization by coordination of controllers across large industrial plants, and fast life-critical decision making by autonomous vehicles, present a set of fundamental and unique challenges. Each of these require new approaches at the...
This paper considers person re-identification issue in intelligent video surveillance systems. The problem is still difficult because of the large-scale search, especially when there are a huge amount of persons in multi-camera network. We propose a spatiotemporal model based on the statistics of space and time information for object tracking among multiple cameras. This model aims to predict the...
The heart is the most important natural realtime system and its interaction with an implantable artificial pacemaker make for a perfect example of a Cyber-Physical System. The increasing complexity in implantable cardiac device software has been responsible, in part, for the surge in device recalls due to firmware problems. To ensure the safety and efficacy of the device, the device's software has...
Model-Driven Design (MDD) of cyber-physical systems advocates for design procedures that start with formal modeling of the real-time system, followed by the model's verification at an early stage. The verified model must then be translated to a more detailed model for simulation-based testing and finally translated into executable code in a physical implementation. As later stages build on the same...
Transformation optics (TO) is a flexible design process for electromagnetic and optical devices with a wide range of applications including cloaking, waveguides, and antenna enhancement. Many TO designs for antennas have been proposed, such as invisibility-cloaking radomes and collimating lenses; however, these designs all require inhomogeneous and anisotropic material parameters with extreme values...
A fully integrated passive UHF RFID tag with embedded temperature sensor, compatible with the ISO/IEC 18000 type 6C protocol, is developed in a standard 0.18µm CMOS process, which is designed to measure the axle temperature of a running train. The consumption of RF/analog front-end circuits is 1.556µA@1.0V, and power dissipation of digital part is 5µA@1.0V. The CMOS temperature sensor exhibits a conversion...
Implantable cardiac devices such as artificial pacemakers deliver therapies according to the timing information from the heart. Such devices work under the assumptions of perfect sensing, which are: (a) the pacemaker leads remain in place, and (b) the pacing therapy in one chamber (e.g. atrium) is insulated from the other chambers (e.g. ventricles). But there are common cases which violate these assumptions...
The increasing complexity of software in implantable medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators accounts for over 40% of device recalls. Testing remains the principal means of verification in the medical device certification regime. Traditional software test generation techniques, where the tests are generated independently of the operational environment, are not effective as the...
The increasing complexity of software in implantable medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators accounts for over 40% of device recalls. Testing remains the principal means of verification in the medical device certification regime. Traditional software test generation techniques, where the tests are generated independently of the operational environment, are not effective as the...
Designing bug-free medical device software is challenging, especially in complex implantable devices that may be used in unanticipated contexts. Safety recalls of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators due to firmware problems between 1990 and 2000 affected over 200, 000 devices. This encompasses 41% of the devices recalled and continues to increase in frequency. There is currently...
Artificial pacemakers are one of the most widely-used implantable devices today, with millions implanted worldwide. The main purpose of an artificial pacemaker is to treat bradycardia, or slow heart beats, by pacing the atrium and ventricles at a faster rate. While the basic functionality of the device is fairly simple, there are many documented cases of death and injury due to device malfunctions...
Metamaterial lenses derived through transformation optics offer control over wave behavior and potential for new antenna structures. A collimating lens is presented with an embedded source that produces up to four orthogonal far-field beams based on the position of the source. As a feasibility confirmation, an example metamaterial design for the lens is presented. Another far-field collimating flat...
Two planar multilayer negative/zero/unity index metamaterials using cascaded modified fishnet metal screens were considered. The structures were optimized by a GA to have refractive indexes equal to -1, 0, and 1 at predetermined frequencies as well as low absorption loss and an effective impedance matched to free space. The dielectric layers were constrained so that they could be fabricated from existing...
Planar multilayer dual polarized zero index metamaterials using cascaded frequency selective surface screens were presented. Two structures with three and four screens, respectively, were optimized by a genetic algorithm to have a very low effective refractive index and an effective impedance matched to free space. Fabrication constraints on the screen geometry and the dielectric layers were included...
Two planar multilayer negative index metamaterials comprised of cascaded fishnet metal screens were presented. The structures were optimized by a GA in order to gain an effective refractive index of-1 and an effective impedance equal to the impedance of free space. The dielectric layers were constrained for fabrication to be commercially available high performance materials. High figures of merit...
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) plays an important role in automobile safety. This paper proposes the concept of the battery-less TPMS on chip and in package (SoC + SiP) to overcome the disadvantages associated with batteries. In this system, power recovery circuit takes the place of battery. To improve the performance of the power recovery circuit, a special rectifier is designed in this paper.
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