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Background
Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is an estrogen deficiency‐induced skeletal disorder. Bone mineral density (BMD) testing is the gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis. However, its sensitivity for fracture risk assessment is low. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) is a key immune checkpoint molecule implicated in the pathophysiology of bone remodeling, but its role in osteoporosis...