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Background The replacement of lead (Pb)-bearing solders by several Pb-free solders is a subject of intense research in these days due to the toxic effects of Pb on the environment. However, the Pb-free solders contain metals such as silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). The increasing use of these Pb-free solders again increases the risk of release of Ag, Cu, and Zn metals into the environment...