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Pulp fibrillation results from refining and is of prime importance for papermaking. Yet a structural parameter reflecting the extent of fibrillation remains elusive. In this work, we demonstrate that in refined pulps, the interfibrillar distance at water saturated state (Ls), as derived from the interference factor from small angle X-ray scattering, structurally reflects fibrillation degree. Interestingly,...
Cellulose acetylation has been reported as a side reaction of cellulose treatment with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIm][OAc]) (Karatzos et al. in Cellulose 19:307–312, 2012) and other 1,3-dialkylimidazolium acetate ionic liquids. 1-Acetylimidazole (AcIm), an [EMIm][OAc] impurity, has been found to be the actual acetylating agent (Zweckmair et al. in Cellulose 22:3583–3596,...
1Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([Bmim]HSO4) is efficient at extracting cellulose nanocrystals from pulp fibers. To shed some light on the respective contributions of swelling and hydrolysis of pulp fibers by [Bmim]HSO4, the physical, structural and morphological characteristics of hardwood Kraft pulp fibers were monitored under various conditions of temperature, water content and time...
Lignin-coated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were extracted from the tropical wood Angelim Vermelho in a yield of 47 % based on wood cellulose content. The procedure combined a mild steam explosion process with a treatment using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][OAc]). The resulting CNCs showed exceptional aspect ratios of 83 ± 18 for wood-based CNCs and crystallinity index of 76 %. Residual...
We report for the first time the direct extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from wood by means of a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][OAc]) treatment. A native cellulosic product could be recovered in 44% yield with respect to wood cellulose content. The product was analyzed for morphological (TEM, AFM, XRD), chemical (FTIR, 13C CP/MAS NMR), thermal (DSC, TGA) and surface properties...
The acetylating action of ionic liquids frequently used in biomass and polysaccharide processing, namely 1,3-dialkylimidazolium acetates, on cellulose has been studied. Analysis was based on an accurate method to quantify even minute amounts of organic acetates in polysaccharides. The acetylation is caused by impurities in the ionic liquids, specially purified ionic liquids do not show an acetylating...
We report on the low efficiency of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acesulfamate ([BMIM]Ace) at delignifying Norway spruce. A systematic kinetic and structural study of [BMIM]Ace pulping of spruce wood at 120 °C allowed shedding light on the structure of the reaction products and the nature of the reaction. In particular, wood residues and extracts were thoroughly characterized with a wide range of analytical...
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