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The ductus arteriosus is a normal and vital fetal structure that arises from the left sixth aortic arch. It connects the main pulmonary artery to the descending thoracic aorta just distal and opposite to the origin of the left subclavian artery (Fig. 14.1). The pulmonary end usually tapers and is narrower than the aortic end.
Complete atrioventricular septal defect (CAVSD) refers to a complex malformation of the atrial and ventricular septum and is defined by an abnormal embryological development of the endocardial cushions in the atrioventricular canal resulting in maldevelopment of the atrial–ventricular valves [1]. CAVSD represents around 3% of congenital cardiac defects and it is a frequent anomaly in the context of...
Ebstein’s disease is a congenital cardiac anomaly that occurs with an incidence of approximately 1–5 in every 20,000 live newborns, therefore representing 1% of congenital cardiac defects. It is the most common etiology for congenital tricuspid regurgitation in the neonatal period as well as later in life. The etiology of Ebstein’s anomaly is unknown, however, a number of environmental factors have...
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