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Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) arouse as a better alternative of underwater wired instruments for data gathering. Acoustic signals offer low bandwidth and UWSNs faces low reliability, high delay and high energy consumption issues. Moreover, energy holes creation decreases network performance in terms of energy and throughput. The design of routing protocols which considers these challenges...
In this paper, we propose an algorithm to alleviate coverage hole problem using geographic routing strategy for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In order to accomplish desired results, an optimal number of forwarder nodes is computed along with the selection of path that has minimum energy consumption. Moreover, at each hop residual energy of a sensor is calculated and knowledge up-to one hop neighbors...
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs) energy balancing and energy efficiency are the key requirements to prolong the network lifetime. In this paper, we investigate the problem of energy hole, where sensor nodes located near the sink or in some other parts of the network die very early due to unbalanced load distribution. Moreover, there is a dire need to utilize the energy resource efficiently. For...
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs) energy balancing and energy efficiency are the key requirements to prolong the network lifetime. In this paper, we investigate the problem of energy hole, where sensor nodes located near the sink or in some other parts of the network die very early due to unbalanced load distribution. Moreover, there is a dire need to utilize the energy resource efficiently. For...
Design of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is difficult because of limited battery energy of sensor nodes. Low bandwidth and energy consumption are major problems that we face in UWSNs, due to dynamic behavior of water in underwater environment. In our scheme, circular field is divided into ten sub-regions and each region is divided into eight sectors. Two mobile sinks move to cover the...
In this paper, we propose a routing protocol AVN-AHH-VBF for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). Sensor nodes forward data packets in multi-hop fashion within a virtual pipeline. As nodes outside pipeline do not forward data packets, thus, flooding is avoided in the network. Mitigating flooding in network, in turn, decreases energy consumption and improves delivery ratio. Moreover, on each...
In this paper, we propose Geographic and Opportunistic Clustering (GOC) protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. GOC is an improved version of Geographic and Opportunistic Routing for UWSNs (GEDAR). GOC uses a hybrid system in which the recovery algorithm of GEDAR is implemented alongside the clustering approach depending on the neighbor list of the void node. Similar to the architecture...
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