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Mining is done at great depths in South Africa and the high virgin rock temperatures at these depths result in refrigeration systems being one of the largest electricity consumers on mines. The general operation, control and equipment stance of the refrigeration systems are, however, inefficient and overdesigned and, as a result, several demand-side management (DSM) initiatives have previously been...
South Africa is a water scarce country and due to this, large water transfer schemes were built to supply major parts of the country with raw and potable water. These water transfer schemes are high energy consumers due to the large pumps utilised for distributing water over great distances against significant static heads. With the present electricity situation in the country, Eskom invested in,...
Electricity plays a big role in the rising operation costs within the South African platinum mining sector. Mining companies have to minimise costs. Refrigeration systems are one of the systems that consume the most electricity on a platinum mine and thus a prominent target for energy saving strategies.
A slight variance in dataset quality or baseline model accuracy can affect the level of confidence at which DSM project results are calculated. General measurement and verification (M&V) guidelines mitigate this inherent variance by reporting a conservative result. However, it remains important to quantify the magnitude of variance to ensure that the conservative approach does not adversely affect...
The ever-growing human population, limited energy resources and the effect of greenhouse gas emissions have become major global concerns for the energy sector. This includes the electricity generation sector. This dilemma has caused electricity providers to revise their generation methods and created a major need for consumers to utilise electricity more efficiently. Demand Side Management (DSM) is...
South Africa's steep electricity tariff increases have forced the mining industry to be more cost effective. One way is by implementing demand side management (DSM) projects. Energy saving priorities focused mainly on mines with large energy consumption and long “life-of-mine”. If paybacks are short enough, it should be a feasible investment to implement DSM projects. This could extend the “life-of-mine”...
The performance of industrial DSM projects often deteriorates without proper maintenance. Underperforming DSM projects waste money and increase the demand for electricity from Eskom. A solution to this problem is dedicated maintenance on industrial DSM projects. This ensures maximum performance and maximum electricity cost savings. In this paper, the business case for industrial DSM maintenance is...
A large number of load shifting projects have been successfully implemented on mine dewatering pumps since the inception of Eskom's Demand Side Management (DSM) initiative in 2003. In addition to electrical cost savings, mines have benefitted from reduced operational costs and the installation of new equipment such as electrically actuated valves, pressure sensors, programmable logic controllers,...
Insufficient generating capacity forced Eskom, the primary electricity producer in South Africa, to delay maintenance. This caused deterioration in generation plant health and performance. Eskom is currently expanding their generation capacity to curb the high demand. This is expensive and time consuming. Energy efficiency projects are an alternative approach to match supply and demand. These projects...
A previous paper described the development of a compressed air control system called REMS-DCS (Real-time Energy Management System for Dynamic Compressor Selection). This system dynamically selects compressors based on their efficiency and position within the compressed air network [1]. REMS-DCS was empirically tested and the results verified with existing off the shelf simulation models as well as...
Load management projects are widely implemented in South Africa. Eskom Demand Side Management (DSM) endorses these projects as they aid in reducing Eskom's peak demand. There is also a cost benefit for participating entities billed on time of use (TOU) tariff structures. The continuous increase of electricity costs ensures that the financial impact of load management remains significant. This article...
During their daily operations deep mines consume large amounts of electricity. One electricity intensive operation is the constant dewatering of a mining shaft. Dewatering is the fourth largest consumer of electricity in the gold mining sector. This creates the opportunity for financial cost savings on electrical energy consumed, if the correct procedures are followed. Previous interventions focussed...
Industrial customers such as gold and platinum mine industrieshave received large capital project supportfrom Eskom's Demand Side Management (DSM) initiative since its inception in 2003. In addition to the resultant energysavings, minesbenefitted fromelectrical cost savings, decreased operational costs ofnewer equipment, less down-time, increased safety, etc. Unfortunately there are only alimited...
Various simulation and control software programs are available for modelling of compressed air networks. However, there is presently no software available that combines simulation and control capabilities for optimum compressor selection. This paper describes the development of a compressed air control system that dynamically selects compressors based on their efficiency and position on the compressed...
Most large gold mines in South Africa have centralised compressor houses which supply compressed air for a pipe network system. The various operational pneumatic equipment found on these sites usuallyrequiresdifferent air flows and pressures. These multiple and varied requirements must be considered when an energy savings project is to be implemented. Very often a mine compressed air system is operating...
Energy Management is an increasingly important issue for all tertiary institutions in South Africa because of budget cuts and increased financial restrictions. This article focuses on the need for a detailed site audit of all the electrical loads at a tertiary institution. The recommendations indicate the potential to reduce the campus demand profile through intelligent energy management of the campus...
DSM interventions usually require the upgrade of old technology, and/or the installation of new, more energy efficient equipment. Changes to the existing equipment will usually affect the entire mining process, whether it is directly or indirectly. Resistance to change and the structure of existing inspection protocols increase the difficulty of implementing new alternatives. The benefits of the new...
In order to ensure a reliable and sustainable national electrical distribution grid, the electrical energy supply must be able to meet the demand while ensuring that sufficient power reserves are not compromised. In the past, when electricity reserves margins were sufficient, stability waseasily maintained by varying supply to meet the demand. Recently however, the demandhas tended to exceedthe maximum...
The implementation of energy efficiency projects is becoming more commonplace. Increased project complexity results in higher risk and requires stringent performance assessment methods. Independent M&V teams are used to report official project savings. There is however a need for a simplified method to gauge performance prior to official assessment. This article briefly elaborates on the use of...
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