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We already demonstrated a state-of-the-art Cryogenic Sapphire Oscillator (CSO), which incorporates a pulse-tube cooler instead of a bath cryostat — thus eliminating the need for regular supplies and manual transferring of liquid helium. The advent of reliable and cryocooled (CSO) open the possibility to implement such an ultra-stable reference not only in metrological laboratories with liquid helium...
In this paper we present the direct comparison of two microwave Cryocooled Sapphire Oscillators demonstrating a relative frequency stability better than 2×10−15 at short term and of the order of 1×10−14 over one day integration. We also report the frequency stability evaluation of a microwave signal generated from a planar waveguide external cavity laser (PW-ECL) referenced to a Fabry-Perot cavity...