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This paper presents measurement results from different deployments with a 5G test-bed on a 15-GHz frequency band. The beam gain with a grid-of-beam solution applied to an 8x8 element antenna array is compared with a reference wide-beam power equivalent antenna. The beamforming gain in outdoor environment is found to be large, it is in the range of 10-13 dB in line-of-sight (LoS) and 7-12 dB in non-LoS...
The downlink coverage of a 5G trial system operating within the 15 GHz frequency band is evaluated in this paper with the help of drive test measurements. Key 5G features, such as beamforming, beam tracking and multi-point transmission have been utilized during the measurements. The results indicate that multi-point transmission provides a clear improvement to the downlink coverage. Received signal...
This paper presents indoor and outdoor experimental results on 4-by-8 single-user (SU)-multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiplexing based on 730.5 MHz bandwidth transmission when applying carrier aggregation (CA) with 8 component carriers (CCs) in a 15 GHz frequency band in the downlink of 5G cellular radio access. Beam tracking with massive MIMO is implemented in a 5G testbed to support user...
This paper presents indoor and outdoor experimental results on the achievable throughput for downlink 8-by-16 multi user (MU)-multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) using 2 sets of user equipment (UE) and carrier aggregation with 8 component carriers in various measurement areas for 5G radio access. In the presence of four centralized antenna units, the throughput performance is evaluated using the...
Emerging mmWave technology will require new channel models. Compared to the lower frequency bands, mmWaves will be more reflected and absorbed but less diffracted. Hence, placement of individual physical structures in the environment will affect the propagation much more than before, providing a challenge for channel modeling. At the same time, however, an increasing amount of information about the...
This paper presents indoor and outdoor field experimental results that clarify the 4-by-8 MIMO throughput performance when applying distributed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) with a narrow antenna beam tracking in the 15 GHz frequency band in the downlink of a 5G cellular radio access system. The experimental results show that throughput exceeding 15 Gbps is achieved with a high average rank...
Avoiding delay jitter is essential to achieve high throughput for TCP. In particular, delay spikes can cause spurious timeouts. Such timeouts force TCP into slow-start, which may reduce congestion window sizes drastically. Consequently, there may not always be data available for transmission on bottleneck links. For HS-DSCH, jitter can occur due to varying interference. Also, properties of the radio-block...
This paper presents indoor experimental results showing the achievement of 14.5 Gbps throughput performance based on 730.5 MHz bandwidth transmission when applying carrier aggregation (CA) with 8 component carriers (CCs) and 4-by-8 single-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiplexing in the 15 GHz frequency band in the downlink of 5G cellular radio access. Beam tracking with massive MIMO...
In Building Solutions (IBS) are a well-established approach to providing indoor cellular coverage. The increasing wireless mobile broadband traffic and the fact that most broadband data is consumed indoors increases the interest to understand the IBS capacity potential. For a given available spectrum, a straightforward capacity solution is cell-splitting. In this paper, measurement results from a...
This paper illustrates an interference mitigation method based on the estimation of an equivalent channel using Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) sequences in Time Division Duplex (TDD) multi-cell systems. The key idea is to precode the SRS sequence with a pre-coder that is computed based on the choice made by the User Equipment (UE) of its preferred signal subspace. Assuming channel reciprocity in...
This paper presents measurement results from a distributed 4×4 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) trial. The measurements were performed using a 5G radio access prototype including two transmission points (TPs) and a mobile terminal over 200 MHz bandwidth at 15 GHz carrier frequency. The TPs and the mobile terminal each consists of multiple antennas, enabling spatial multiplexing. In the present...
Knowledge about propagation properties and development of realistic channel models at higher frequencies are crucial for evaluations and design decisions in the upcoming 5G standardizations. One propagation phenomenon that requires special attention at higher frequencies is blocking by objects. In this paper, the propagation characteristics in the presence of street-level blocking objects at 15 GHz...
With the ever increasing demand for mobile broadband service with very high bitrates to indoor users, there is large industry traction around different types of In Building Solutions (IBS) for Long Term Evolution (LTE). Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) is a key feature in LTE enabling significantly improved user bitrates, and the indoor channel characteristics are also expected to be in favor...
This paper presents coverage and penetration loss measurements in an urban environment at 15 GHz to provide insight into the design and deployment of future 5G systems in higher frequency bands. The measurements are performed using a 5G radio access prototype including two transmission points (TPs) and a mobile terminal over a 200 MHz bandwidth. The TPs and the mobile terminal each consists of multiple...
The increased demand on capacity in cellular networks calls for increased site density and heterogeneous networks. With unchanged mobility pattern this will increase the handover rate, the signaling load and the impact from handover on experienced user quality. An attractive solution to mitigate the handover impact is Combined Cell which combines area splitting gain with seamless mobility. In this...
Transmission Mode 9 (TM9) is a key component in Release 10 of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE). TM9 contains mobile individual Demodulation Reference Symbols (DMRS). DMRS increases the flexibility of radio resource utilization and opens for a plurality of features such as downlink beamforming and power control. This paper contains measurement results from a trial in a heterogeneous network deployment...
Inter-Site Distance (ISD) is a common measure for characterizing the site density in a mobile network. However, obtaining a good estimation of the ISD for a real world network is not trivial since the physical layout is usually quite more complex than a perfect theoretical hexagonal grid, due to a number of unavoidable factors such as site availability and traffic density. Voronoi diagrams have been...
Low power remote radio units (RRU:s) are identified as one of the key components to increase the capacity of cellular networks in dense areas with high traffic demands. When the traffic is clustered in hotspots they are also feasible to, combined with high power macro RRU:s, form a heterogeneous network (HetNet). The inherited centralized architecture with RRU:s opens for advanced coordination features...
Adding low power nodes is one option to meet the increased mobile broadband traffic demands. In the resulting heterogeneous network (HetNet) with different node power levels, range expansion is a key feature to improve uplink as well as to increase the coverage of micro/pico nodes. In this paper measurement results from a trial with Release 8 terminals and system verify that range expansion can improve...
In radio network performance evaluations it is of interest to use simulation environments that represent realistic networks. In this paper two widely used simulation environments are benchmarked against live network path gain measurements. Some parameter adjustments are done to fit the simulation environments to the measured path gain and cell isolation statistics. The need to modify base station...
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