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Background
Phosphorus (P) is among the essential elements for plant growth and one of the main elements of fertilizers. Decreased availability of P may limit agricultural production in the coming years. The magnitude of soil aggregation influences phosphorus access to mineral surfaces.
Aim
The present study aims to determine phosphorus adsorption processes affected by soil aggregation under different...
In the HRL field, there are several main methods such as HAMs, options, MAXQ. These methods all rely on the theory of SMDPs. However, SMDPs does not specify how the overall task can be decomposed into a collection of subtasks. This paper introduces the concept of ldquopolicy-coupledrdquo SMDPs into HAMs. It defines the concept of HAM-decomposable and makes the relations among the HAM machine, HAM-decomposable,...
Hierarchical finite state machine (HFSM) has proven to be a powerful tool for controlling non-player characters (NPCs) in computer games due to its flexibility and modularity. For most implementations, however, it is often the case that the control details at all levels are hand-coded. As a result, the development process is often time intensive and error prone. In this paper, we explore the use of...
In the HRL field, there are several main methods such as HAMs, options, MAXQ. A main problem that exists in HAMs is its joint state space consisting of the cross-product of the machine states in the HAM and the states in the original MDP, which can not be completely solved by a subroutine-based state abstraction method. This paper analyzes this problem in detail, provides formal definitions of homomorphism...
In the HRL (hierarchical reinforcement learning) field, there are three main methods such as HAMs (hierarchical abstract machines), options, MAXQ. These methods all rely on the theory of SMDPs. While the SMDP framework allows us to directly model the high-level actions that take varying amounts of time, it provides little in the way of concrete representational guidance, which is critical from a computational...
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