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We propose an efficient method to recognize multi-stroke handwritten symbols. The method is based on computing the truncated Legendre-Sobolev expansions of the coordinate functions of the stroke curves and classifying them using linear support vector machines. Earlier work has demonstrated the efficiency and robustness of this approach in the case of single-stroke characters. Here we show that the...
With the increased availability of pen-based devices, it becomes interesting to conduct and to archive multi-party communication sessions that involve audio and digital ink on a shared canvas. Collaborative whiteboards do exist today but typically use complex or closed protocols for communication. As a rule, existing whiteboards are not interoperable across multiple platforms and do not support archival...
We address the question of how to organize pen-based interfaces for mathematical software systems, both for computational mathematics packages and document processing software. Our architecture includes components for ink collection, mathematically-oriented recognizers, portability support and interfaces to applications. We summarize aspects of mathematical handwriting recognition and discuss the...
We present an approach to basic arithmetic between abstract matrices, i.e., matrices of symbolic dimension with underspecified components. We define a simple basis function that enables the representation of abstract matrices composed of arbitrary regions in a single term that supports matrix addition and multiplication by regular arithmetic on terms. This can, in particular, be exploited to obtain...
Major burn represents a multi-system insult to the human body. Despite improvements in mortality and morbidity, reliable predictors of outcome are lacking. Raised levels of cell-free nucleic acids have been detected in various pathological processes including burns. We quantified circulating nucleic acids as potential objective measures of burn severity with predictive and prognostic value.Expression...
Earlier work has presented algorithms to factor and compute GCDs of symbolic Laurent polynomials, that is multivariate polynomials whose exponents are themselves integer-valued polynomials. This article extends the notion of univariate polynomial decomposition to symbolic polynomials and presents an algorithm to compute these decompositions. For example, the symbolic polynomial f(X) = 2Xn2+n - 4X...
As pen-based computing becomes more prevalent, it is increasingly important to be able to share ink across applications and across platforms. The emerging standard Ink Markup Language (InkML) is intended for this purpose. Four drafts of the proposed standard have been produced since 2003, resulting in a specification with broad input from industry and invited experts. The last working draft has simplified...
Ink markup language (InkML) provides a platform-neutral data format that can be used to represent, store and transmit digital ink data. Both streaming and archival applications are supported through different uses of InkML's primitives. While streaming ink and archival ink data can represent the same information, each supports certain operations more directly. Indeed, certain applications can benefit...
We model on-line ink traces for a set of 219 symbols to "best fit" low-degree polynomial series. Using a collection of mathematical writing samples, we find that in many cases this provides a succinct way to model the stylus movements of actual test users. Furthermore, even without further similarity-processing, the polynomial coefficients from the writing samples form clusters which often...
Recognition of mathematical symbols is a challenging task, with a large set with many similar symbols. We present a support vector machine based hybrid recognition system that uses both online and offline information for classification. Probabilistic outputs from the two support vector machine based multi-class classifiers running in parallel are combined by taking a weighted sum. Results from the...
We address the question of recognizing handwritten mathematics in Arabic and related languages. After presenting an overview of the major styles used to express mathematics in these settings we outline potential problems specific to the representations. Finally, we discuss how some existing strategies for on-line analysis of handwritten mathematics can be adapted for this context.
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