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For baselining and to assess changes in soil organic carbon (C) we need efficient soil sampling designs and methods for measuring C stocks. Conventional analytical methods are time-consuming, expensive and impractical, particularly for measuring at depth. Here we demonstrate the use of proximal soil sensors for estimating the total soil organic C stocks and their accuracies in the 0–10cm, 0–30cm and...
Environmental sensor networks (ESNs) provide new opportunities for improving our understanding of the environment. In contrast to remote sensing technologies where measurements are made from large distances (e.g. satellite imagery, aerial photography, airborne radiometric surveys), ESNs focus on measurements that are made in close proximity to the target environmental phenomenon. Sensors can be used...
This paper investigates the feasibility of real-aperture imaging a small boat by exploiting the good range resolution of a millimetre wave radar, and the known trajectory of the target. Two different image types are generated, one that includes the uncertainty in the angle of arrival introduced by the antenna beamwidth and uses the largest return only, and the other which exploits the complete range-amplitude...
This paper briefly discusses a procedure to measure the radar cross section (RCS) of small boats at 94 GHz. It describes an extremely simple and moderately low cost set of hardware that was used to perform these measurements. An analysis of the calibration method including measurements of reference corner reflector returns and those from the sea were made throughout the trials. Results include polar...
This paper describes the development of millimetre- wave frequency modulated continuous wave radar visualization systems for mining applications. The implementations and performance verifications of the radar sensor for range and 3D profiling in underground and surface mines are presented in applications ranging from cavity, stope fill and ore-pass monitoring to dragline and rope shovel environmental...
This paper describes the development of millimetre-wave frequency modulated continuous wave radar visualization systems for mining applications. The implementations and performance verifications of the radar sensor for range and 3D profiling in underground and surface mines are presented in applications ranging from cavity, stope fill and ore-pass monitoring to dragline and rope shovel environmental...
Within the next few years, improvements in graphic rendering and the application of millimetre wave radar technology will, together, allow operators of industrial processes in poor visibility environments to control their machines remotely. At the ACFR, we have been developing the 3D radar systems and displays to make this a reality in the mining industry. This paper discusses the principles involved...
This paper discusses a procedure to measure the radar cross section (RCS) of small boats at 94 GHz. It describes a simple and moderately low cost set of hardware that was used to perform these measurements. Results include polar patterns made from the peak RCS at each angle and probability density functions to characterise the distribution of RCS. In the case of the largest boat, a 41 ft fly-bridge...
This paper presents the application of a millimetre wave radar technology to environment mapping in surface mining. Sensor requirements for ranging and surface profiling in shovel and dragline operations were determined based on machines performance requirements. Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) technique was selected to achieve the correct range resolution while fast Fourier techniques...
This paper examines the background and application of millimetre wave radar technology to control and direct the material mix introduced to refill large underground voids. In addition it documents the use of radars for surface mine visualisation to produce images of the bucket fill on large rope shovels and on draglines to help reconcile dig volumes and to specify dig and fill surface profiles.
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