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The paper reports on a systematic study of planar optical waveguides in X-cut LiNbO3 fabricated by the proton-exchange technique. The extent of the exchange process was monitored by measuring the infrared absorption peak at 3510 cm??1. It was established that the waveguide profile could be accurately modelled by a step index change with ??n = 0.127 at ??0 = 632.8 nm and ??n = 0.096 at ??0 = 1150 nm...