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Viral expression varies widely between untransformed HTLV-1 positive clones derived from infected individuals without malignancy. Here we show that, in the absence of malignancy, 68% of HTLV-1 positive clones carry deleted (10%) or methylated (58%) 5′ LTR. These changes were found to contribute to the fluctuation of viral expression between clones. 5′ LTR deletions strongly impaired tax expression...