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This chapter introduces three areas of waste chlorination: (a) wastewater chlorination, (b) sludge-biosolids chlorination and stabilization, and (c) septage chlorination and stabilization. Each waste chlorination area further covers the subjects of process description, glossary, design considerations, operation considerations, process equipment, process control, design examples, and application examples.
Landfilling of biosolids is classified as one type of surface disposals presented in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under subpart C of Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 503. This method offers the simplest solution to biosolids handling by concentrating the material in a single location and provides several benefits. To meet the requirement for biosolids landfilling,...
Three new biosolids treatment processes are introduced: vertical shaft digestion (VSD), vertical shaft floatation (VSF) thickening, and gas-phase biofiltration. The combination of these three major processes, and a few supplemental units (such as grit removal, dewatering and drying) provide complete biosolids treatment. The topics covered in this chapter include: biosolids treatment objectives, vertical...
Utilization refers to the beneficial use of biosolids or biosolids by-products. Biosolids may be used as a soil amendment and a source of nutrients, a source of heat and work, and a source of other useful products that include waste treatment chemicals, landfill toppings, industrial raw materials, animal feed, and materials of construction. The following aspects of utilization are discussed: biosolids...
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a biochemical engineering process involving the use of both (a) a suspended growth bioreactor for biochemical reactions (such as fermentation, bio-oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification); and (b) a membrane separator for sequent solid–liquid separation. In a chemical engineering fermentation process, the solids may be yeasts and the liquid may be an alcohol. In...
This chapter presents a methodology for process selection and design of biosolids management systems. Topics discussed include systems approach, process selection logic, approaches to sidestream management, the concept of sizing equipment, contingency planning, and other general design considerations such as energy conservation and cost-effective analysis.
Trickling filter consists of a fixed biological bed of rock media or plastic media on which wastewater is applied for aerobic biological treatment. Biological slimes form on the media which assimilate and oxidize substances in the wastewater. This chapter introduces the historical development, recent advances, principles, applicability, microbiology, ecology, models, types, design criteria, and case...
The purpose of this chapter is to provide the basic information on the use of membrane filtration and application of the technology in the design of potable water facilities. The main issues involved in the planning and design of membrane systems are covered: pilot testing; the considerations that influence system design and operation including operational unit processes, system design considerations,...
When the 37.5 MGD (142 million liters per day) Pittsfield, MA, USA water treatment plant was installed in 1986 it became the world’s largest water treatment plant using dissolved air flotation (DAF) and automatic backwash filtration (ABF) technologies. Design features are presented in detail along with the plant’s performance data, and special features on total wastewater recycle. Total detention...
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a biochemical engineering process involving the use of both (a) a suspended growth bioreactor for biochemical reactions (such as fermentation, bio-oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification) and (b) a membrane separator for subsequent solids–liquid separation. In a chemical engineering fermentation process, the solids may be yeasts and the liquid may be an alcohol....
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