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Function-graded proton exchange membranes (G-PEMs) for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are fabricated by electron beam (EB) grafting using a heterogeneous energy deposition technique. The fabricated G-PEMs have a water uptake gradient in the direction of the thickness originating from the sulfonic acid group gradient. Normal PEMs (N-PEMs), which have almost no gradient ionic groups in the membrane,...