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SHERMAN, a new thermophysical modeling package designed for analyzing near-infrared spectra of asteroids and other solid bodies, is presented. The model’s features, the methods it uses to solve for surface and subsurface temperatures, and the synthetic data it outputs are described. A set of validation tests demonstrates that SHERMAN produces accurate output in a variety of special cases for which...
We report radar observations of Apophis obtained during the 2012−2013 apparition. We observed Apophis on fourteen days at Goldstone (8560 MHz, 3.5 cm) and on five days at Arecibo (2380 MHz, 12.3 cm) between 2012 December 21 to 2013 March 16. Closest approach occurred on January 9 at a distance of 0.097 au. We obtained relatively weak echo power spectra and delay-Doppler images. The highest range resolution...
We present thermal properties and an improved shape model for potentially hazardous asteroid (162421) 2000 ET70. In addition to the radar data from 2000 ET70’s apparition in 2012, our model incorporates optical lightcurves and infrared spectra that were not included in the analysis of Naidu et al. (2013, Icarus 226, 323–335). We confirm the general “clenched fist” appearance of the Naidu et al. model,...
We present our shape model of Amor class near-Earth asteroid (1627) Ivar. During Ivar's apparition in 2013, in which it had a minimum distance of 0.32 AU, we obtained both CCD photometry and radar observations. The radar data consist of echo power spectra and delay-Doppler imaging with 300 m resolution and were obtained using the Arecibo Observatory's 2380 MHz radar. Lightcurve data were gathered...
We report radar and optical photometric observations of near-Earth asteroid (214869) 2007 PA8 obtained during October 2–November 13, 2012. We observed 2007 PA8 on sixteen days with Goldstone (8560MHz, 3.5cm) and on five days with the 0.6m telescope at Table Mountain Observatory. Closest approach was on November 5 at a distance of 0.043au. Images obtained with Goldstone's new chirp system achieved...
Using the S-band radar at Arecibo Observatory, we observed 16 Psyche, the largest M-class asteroid in the main belt. We obtained 18 radar imaging and 6 continuous wave runs in November and December 2015, and combined these with 16 continuous wave runs from 2005 and 6 recent adaptive-optics (AO) images (Drummond et al., 2016) to generate a three-dimensional shape model of Psyche. Our model is consistent...
We report radar observations (2380-MHz, 13-cm) by the Arecibo Observatory and optical light curves observed from eight different observatories and collected at the Ondřejov Observatory of the triple near-Earth asteroid system (153591) 2001 SN263. The radar observations were obtained over the course of ten nights spanning February 12–26, 2008 and the light curve observations were made throughout January...
Using the S-band radar at Arecibo Observatory, we observed thirteen X/M-class asteroids; nine were previously undetected and four were re-observed, bringing the total number of Tholen X/M-class asteroids observed with radar to 29. Of these 29M-class asteroids, 13 are also W-class, defined as M-class objects that also display a 3-μm absorption feature which is often interpreted as the signature of...
We determine the three-dimensional shape of near-Earth Asteroid (101955) Bennu based on radar images and optical lightcurves. Bennu was observed both in 1999 at its discovery apparition, and in 2005 using the 12.6-cm radar at the Arecibo Observatory and the 3.5-cm radar at the Goldstone tracking station. Data obtained in both apparitions were used to construct a shape model of this object. Observations...
We observed near-Earth Asteroid (162421) 2000 ET70 using the Arecibo and Goldstone radar systems over a period of 12days during its close approach to the Earth in February 2012. We obtained continuous wave spectra and range-Doppler images with range resolutions as fine as 15m. Inversion of the radar images yields a detailed shape model with an effective spatial resolution of 100m. The asteroid has...
We report radar, photometric, and spectroscopic observations of near-Earth Asteroid (136617) 1994 CC. The radar measurements were obtained at Goldstone (8560MHz, 3.5cm) and Arecibo (2380MHz, 12.6cm) on 9days following the asteroid’s approach within 0.0168AU on June 10, 2009. 1994 CC was also observed with the Panchromatic Robotic Optical Monitoring and Polarimetry Telescopes (PROMPT) on May 21 and...
We report new radar observations of E-class Asteroid 64 Angelina and M-class Asteroid 69 Hesperia obtained with the Arecibo Observatory S-band radar (2480MHz, 12.6cm). Our measurements of Angelina’s radar bandwidth are consistent with reported diameters and poles. We find Angelina’s circular polarization ratio to be 0.8±0.1, tied with 434 Hungaria for the highest value observed for main-belt asteroids...
We observed near-Earth Asteroid (8567) 1996 HW1 at the Arecibo Observatory on six dates in September 2008, obtaining radar images and spectra. By combining these data with an extensive set of new lightcurves taken during 2008–2009 and with previously published lightcurves from 2005, we were able to reconstruct the object’s shape and spin state. 1996 HW1 is an elongated, bifurcated object with maximum...
We observed the near-Earth ASTEROID 2008 EV5 with the Arecibo and Goldstone planetary radars and the Very Long Baseline Array during December 2008. EV5 rotates retrograde and its overall shape is a 400±50m oblate spheroid. The most prominent surface feature is a ridge parallel to the asteroid’s equator that is broken by a concavity about 150m in diameter. Otherwise the asteroid’s surface is notably...
Using the S-band radar at Arecibo Observatory, we observed six new M-class main-belt asteroids (MBAs), and re-observed one, bringing the total number of Tholen M-class asteroids observed with radar to 19. The mean radar albedo for all our targets is σˆOC=0.28±0.13, significantly higher than the mean radar albedo of every other class (Magri, C., Nolan, M.C., Ostro, S.J., Giorgini, J.D. [2007]. Icarus...
Arecibo (2380MHz, 12.6cm) and Goldstone (8560MHz, 3.5cm) delay-Doppler radar images obtained in July and August of 2000 reveal that 4486 Mithra is an irregular, significantly bifurcated object, with a central valley ∼380m deep and a long axis potentially exceeding 2km. With its bimodal appearance, Mithra is a strong candidate for a contact binary asteroid. Sequences of Goldstone images spanning up...
Near–Earth Asteroid 4660 Nereus has been identified as a potential spacecraft target since its 1982 discovery because of the low delta-V required for a spacecraft rendezvous. However, surprisingly little is known about its physical characteristics. Here we report Arecibo (S-band, 2380-MHz, 13-cm) and Goldstone (X-band, 8560-MHz, 3.5-cm) radar observations of Nereus during its 2002 close approach....
Radar observations of 214 near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) reveal a very strong correlation of circular polarization ratio with visible–infrared taxonomic class, establishing distinct differences in the centimeter-to-several-decimeter structural complexity of objects in different spectral classes. The correlation may be due to the intrinsic mechanical properties of different mineralogical assemblages but...
During its close Earth approach in 2001, the E-class near-Earth Asteroid (33342) 1998 WT24 was the focus of extensive radar, optical, and thermal infrared observations. We present a physical model of this object, estimated from Arecibo and Goldstone radar images that cover multiple rotations and span over 100° of sky motion. The asteroid has an equivalent diameter of 415±40 m and a diffuse radar scattering...
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