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A method for the extraction of emulsified water associated with crude oil was developed, in order to determine the composition of its major cations by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and anions by ion chromatography (IC). The method is suitable to crude oils with water content as low as 0.4% (w/w) and the recovery of elements was satisfactory (80–115%), except in...
In this work, Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) was used to assess the composition of produced water in 8 oil wells, using their levels of salinity, calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium and sulphate (mg/L), collected during the years 2004 and 2005. This method allowed the identification of tracers for seawater and formation water, as well as identification of standards related to seasonality. The...
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