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Amongst all the fission fragments, actinides and activation products coming from the nuclear energy processes, a dozen radionuclides are a hazard for Man and environment, due to their half-life and toxicity. For the last 3.5–4 billion years (Ga), microorganisms have been present on Earth in all sorts of surroundings, even the most hostile ones, characterized by extreme pH, temperature and/or radioactivity...