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Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in response to high glucose or hypoxia. We hypothesised that VEGF expression and secretion by RPE cells in high glucose and hypoxia are regulated by protein kinase C (PKC). Primary cultured RPE cells from Sprague–Dawley rats were growth-arrested for 48hr in 0.5% FBS in 5.6 or 30mm d-glucose. Cells were exposed...