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The differences in skin permeation enhancing effect by 1-menthol, ethanol and their combination between hairless rat and human skin were investigated by measuring the permeation of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) as a model drug and all components in the donor vehicle through excised skin. Deuterium oxide (D 2 O) and ethanol-d 6 (EtOD) were used in place of water and ethanol, respectively...