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Most studies on holistic scoring procedures adopt a rater perspective, focusing on raters and textual features; few studies adopt a test-taker perspective. This study investigated test-taker perceptions of impression management strategies for holistically scored essay tests and estimated the extent to which such perceptions can predict essay scores. A total of 886 Chinese test-takers took two essay...
This study utilized Structural Equation Modeling to investigate the washback mechanism, focusing on two design aspects of an English language proficiency test: component weighting (weight assigned to different test papers) and testing methods (item format), and their washback on test preparation. Two months before taking the test, a large sample of test-takers (N = 1000) were surveyed regarding their...
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