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We present a four-channel 48-electrode CMOS sensor array for use in impedance-based cellular assays. Each channel contains a 2 × 6 surface working electrode array and a synchronous voltage-to-frequency converter (SVFC) which implements frequency response analysis to perform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The SVFC is composed of a simple circuit architecture which measures the charge transferred...
We present a 1-GΩ CMOS transimpedance amplifier (TIA) suitable for processing sub-nA-level currents in electrochemical biosensor signal-acquisition circuits. Use of a two-stage active transconductor provides resistive feedback in place of a single large-area linear resistor. We engineer the TIA feedback loop to suppress output offset caused by dc input leakage currents of ±0.9 nA. We also implement...
Reliability, power consumption and timing performance are key considerations for the utilisation of field-programmable gate arrays. Online measurement techniques can determine the timing characteristics of an FPGA application while it is operating, and facilitate a range of benefits. Degradation can be monitored by tracking changes in timing performance, while power consumption can be reduced through...
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