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To observe the expression changes of inflammatory markers TGF-β1, Smad3 and IL-6 in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), and to explore the significance of TGF-β1 signaling pathway in the structural remodeling of AF. The expression of TGF-β1, Smad3 and IL-6 in 50 cases with AF and 30 normal cases were detected by RT-PCR and ELISA. The TGF-β1, Smad3 and IL-6 mRNA and protein expression levels...
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