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We develop estimators for line transect surveys of animals that are stochastically unavailable for detection while within detection range. The detection process is formulated as a hidden Markov model with a binary state‐dependent observation model that depends on both perpendicular and forward distances. This provides a parametric method of dealing with availability bias when estimates of availability...
A hidden Markov model (HMM) with a special structure that captures the ‘semi’-property of hidden semi-Markov models (HSMMs) is considered. The proposed model allows arbitrary dwell-time distributions in the states of the Markov chain. For dwell-time distributions with finite support the HMM formulation is exact while for those that have infinite support, e.g. the Poisson, the distribution can be approximated...
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