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The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR; 3‐hydroxycotinine/cotinine) is an index of CYP2A6 activity. CYP2A6 is responsible for nicotine's metabolic inactivation and variation in the NMR/CYP2A6 is associated with several smoking behaviors. Our aim was to integrate established alleles and novel genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) signals to create a weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) for the CYP2A6 gene...
Background and Aims
Smokers can regulate their nicotine intake by altering the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and their smoking intensity. The current study aimed to compare the utility of self‐reported CPD, total nicotine equivalents (TNE) and urinary cotinine to estimate nicotine intake during pregnancy.
Design
Longitudinal smoking behavior and biomarker data were collected at early...
In this paper we present a method for parameterized free space redistribution of a fragmented placement. The fragmentation problem arises in different contexts within the physical design automation, including post physical synthesis for filler cell insertion, incremental placement, timing optimization, and late mode ECO fix-ups. To address this problem, we apply a postplacement parameterized method...
Local routing congestion is becoming increasingly important as complex design rules make local pin access the bottleneck for modern designs and routers. Since congestion analysis based on global routing does not model these effects, routability-driven placement and physical synthesis fail to alleviate local congestion. This work models routing congestion at the placement level in order to apply local...
With the increasing sophistication of circuits and specifically in the presence of IP blocks, new estimation methods are needed in the design flow of large-scale circuits. Up to now, a number of post-placement congestion estimation techniques in the presence of IP blocks have been presented. We propose a novel stochastic pre-placement approach for concurrent congestion and wirelength estimation using...
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