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Transparent screens such as those in vehicle window glass and windscreens, in office and home window glass and in other structures act as a barrier to some of the shorter solar UV wavelengths. As a result, the spectrum of filtered UV may be substantially different from that of the unfiltered solar UV spectrum and the relative ratio of UVA to UVB irradiances can change. Additionally, the spectral transmission...
The direct, scattered and filtered solar UV radiation leads to the global UV radiation environment that humans are exposed to being comprised of both the direct and the diffuse components. The diffuse component provides a significant proportion of the human UV exposures as it is incident from all directions and difficult to reduce with the usage of hats, tree shade and shade structures. The anatomical...
Changes in the behavior and activity patterns of humans in today’s modern society have altered the patterns of solar UV exposures to humans. Apart from outdoor workers, we have gone from an agricultural outdoor activity based lifestyle to a way of life that is predominantly indoors and technology driven with the periods outdoors due to work breaks and leisure and recreational activities. As a result,...
In Chapter 4 the effect of clouds on solar U V radiation has been studied. Figure 4–1 illustrated the effect of clouds on UV radiation during 1 year of continuous daily erythemal UV measurements at Toowoomba, Australia (27.6°S, 151.9°E, 693 m above sea level). The effect of clouds could be seen by the general decrease of the UV levels from the clear-sky levels (i.e. the maximum envelope of the data...
The risk of skin cancer and sun-related eye disorders, including, cataracts, conjunctivitis, pterygium may be lowered by the reduction of human exposures to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation (Longstreth et al., 1995; Young, 1994). UV radiation is also responsible for suppression of the immune system (Longstreth et al., 1995), which in turn may lead to the development of other disorders. In order to...
In 1801 Johann Ritter discovered non-ionizing, electromagnetic, ultraviolet (UV) radiation (Diffey, 1982) and the effect of clouds on solar UV radiation has been studied as early as the 1930s (e.g. Buttner, 1938), with the most recently published work based on 2 years of continuous UV measurements in Germany (Schwander et al., 2002). Figure 4–1 illustrates the effect of clouds on UV radiation during...
The previous chapter has described the details of the spectrum of diffuse ambient solar UV radiation in a number of different environments. This chapter outlines the broadband erythemal UV, UVA and the visible irradiances in the shade of trees. The percentage of these irradiances in the shade compared to those in the sun may change with season and the time of day due to the relative proportions of...
Scattered and Filtered Solar UV Measurements provides comprehensive information about the scattered and filtered solar UV environment, the techniques to measure this radiation and the resulting UV exposures to humans. The incidence of skin cancer and sun-related eye disorders can be reduced by the minimization of exposures to UV radiation. For this to occur, a greater understanding of the solar UV...
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