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Elevated expression of tumour necrosis factor- (TNF-) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. This study has examined the expression of TNF- and its receptors (TNF-Rs) by mouse blastocysts and blastocyst outgrowths from day 4 to 9.5 of pregnancy and investigated the effects of elevated TNF- on the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophoblast cells of blastocyst outgrowths. RT-PCR demonstrated TNF-...