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The depolarizing membrane ionic current Ih (also known as If, “f” for funny), encoded by the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-modulated (HCN1-4) channel gene family, was first discovered in the heart over 25 years ago. Later, Ih was also found in neurons, retina, and taste buds. HCN channels structurally resemble voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels but the molecular features underlying...
Fixed timing of cylinder valve events with respect to piston motion in an internal combustion engine results in a compromise between fuel economy, emissions, and torque. A variable valve timing, however, permits optimization of the balance between these output standards at different engine conditions. Automobile companies have designed and tested conventional solenoid-type engine valve actuators to...
An advanced lumped parameter model (LPM) with considering magnetic saturation is developed for the analysis of a five-phase hybrid stepping motor. Permeance of air gap is calculated as a function of applied magneto motiveforce (MMF) and rotor position using a two-dimensional finite element method (FEM). Static torque is calculated with combined LPM and 2D FEM, and compared with experimental results...
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