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Various metals may be removed from mine water by precipitation of their hydroxides. However, over the pH range of 7–9, it is more efficient to oxidize Mn II to Mn IV than to precipitate Mn II as its hydroxide. Chlorine (or hypochlorite) can be used to do this, but its use may not be appropriate for mine waters that will be recycled as process solutions or discharged into a receiving body. Consequently,...