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Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays were prepared using a self-templating multi-step anodic oxidation process in a fluoride-containing electrolyte. The microstructures, chemical compositions, and phases of the self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays were analyzed by FESEM, XPS, and XRD, respectively. Hexagonal packing density in TiO2 nanotube arrays significantly improved after the the multi-step anodic...