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There are substantial differences across species in the organization and function of the motor pathways. These differences extend to basic electrophysiological properties. Thus, in rat motor cortex, pyramidal cells have long duration action potentials, while in the macaque, some pyramidal neurons exhibit short duration “thin” spikes. These differences may be related to the expression of the fast potassium...
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone involved in nutrient homeostasis. GIP receptor (GIPR) is constitutively internalized and returned to the plasma membrane, atypical behavior for a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). GIP promotes GIPR downregulation from the plasma membrane by inhibiting recycling without affecting internalization. This transient desensitization...
An acoustic wave traveling through a material deforms the material, thereby probing its mechanical properties. The classical theory of elasticity deals with the mechanical properties of elastic solids. In accordance with Hook’s law, for small deformations stress is always directly proportional to strain. Furthermore, stress is independent of the rate of strain. The classical theory of hydrodynamics...
The topic of the following chapter is relatively difficult and includes different areas of knowledge. The piezoelectric phenomenon is a complex one and covers concepts of electronics as well as most of the areas of classical physics such as: mechanics, elasticity and strength of materials, thermodynamics, acoustics, wave’s propagation, optics, electrostatics, fluids dynamics, circuit theory, crystallography...
The quartz crystal resonator (QCR), as its acronym implies, is a resonant physical device. Many of its behaviors and properties can be understood physically by examining its resonant behavior. The basic principle of operation for a generic acoustic-wave sensor is a traveling wave combined with a confinement structure to produce a standing wave whose frequency is determined jointly by the velocity...
AT quartz crystal microbalance sensors (QCMS) are becoming into a good alternative analytical method in a great deal of applications [1 – 4], with a resolution comparable, in many cases, to chemical techniques used for detecting species and suitable for fluids physical properties characterization [5,6], though simpler and much less expensive.
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