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Smart grid can be viewed as a modern electric power grid infrastructure with enhanced reliability, flexibility and efficiency that is achieved through automated control of production and distribution of electric power, modern communications infrastructure, smart monitoring devices, and renewable energy resources. New features introduced by smart grid means that substation communication is more complex...
Electricity market designs are continuously undergoing change in an effort to improve and respond to technology, economic and policy changes. Increasing amounts of variable re-newables are a catalyst for additional market evolution. Markets work best when there is transparency between market player. The creation of smarter distribution grid started by developing an advanced metering infrastructure...
Manual operator's interventions in control centers are most common way of handling today's power networks. Replacing manual interventions with a sophisticated algorithm running in closed-loop allows the network to be more flexible, and prevent network operators from making mistakes. Such algorithm must fulfill very high expectations about reliability, security and performance. The approach described...
Existing power flow approaches for three phase networks use either phase coordinates or symmetrical components, a special form of Fortescue coordinates for three phase systems. Thereby symmetrical components are mostly applied to balanced networks. The innovative idea of this paper is to model also single and two phase laterals, typically found in distribution systems, using Fortescue coordinates...
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