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High voltage applied to insulators in vacuum can result in a positive surface charge remaining after the voltage is removed. This is believed to be caused by an electron avalanche, i.e., a cascade of electrons multiplying on the surface by secondary electron emission, resulting in remnant positive charge on the insulator surface. The source of the primary electrons initiating the avalanche is considered...
An insulator placed between parallel electrodes in vacuum obtains a positive charge when the applied field exceeds a threshold value. The charging is due to an electron avalanche, as noted by Boersch et al.,1 de Tourreil and Srivastava,2 Watson,3 and Brainard and Jesen.4 The avalanche involves high gain multiplication of secondary electrons over large areas of the insulator and can reach several amperes...
An interesting phenomenon has been observed during the application of microsecond high voltage pulses across ceramic vacuum diodes (Figure 1). This phenomenon involves high level conduction and positive wall charging of the insulator. The phenomenon can be explained by a physical model involving field emission from the triple junction (insulator-cathode-vacuum interface) followed by electron avalanches...
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