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This study focuses on the design issue of battery energy storage system (BESS) for a wind–diesel off-grid power system located in the Whapmagoostui community in Quebec, Canada. The local range of wind speed is from 0 to 24.8417 m/s, and the total yearly load demand in 2013 was 11,176 MWh. An optimal planning model is proposed in this study with the objectives of maximising the economic, environmental...