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Nowadays the electrical main grid is managed in AC due to several reasons derived from the past. Recent years have experimented a rapid evolution of power electronic components able to dramatically enhance the effectiveness of the active and reactive power flow management. Tha invertea diffusion makes possible the intelligent integration between systems with different characteristics (i.e. in terms...
The paper deals with a typical microgrid operating in an islanded mode. The microgrid is energized by a few power sources, namely a mini-hydroelectric plant, a diesel generator set and a photovoltaic field, and supplies both critical and noncritical loads. After modeling the power sources and illustrating both their management and that one of the microgrid, a computer-assisted analysis of the frequency...
Bidirectional battery chargers (BBC) for plug-in electric vehicles have the capabilities of high power factors and V2G operation. In this paper, the control system of a BBC is designed, implemented in a DSP and experimented. The design is carried out for the BBC input currents to be either in-phase with or out-of-phase from the grid voltages depending on the BBC operating mode: battery charging or...
It has been observed that adoption of different possible switching patterns/schemes affects the transient behaviours such as phase current and torque of a PMBLDC motor. Four possible switching patterns are achieved by modulating only upper/lower switches and incoming/outgoing phase switches. For the purpose of control of PMBLDC motor low cost ATMEGA 32 micro-controller is used to generate all the...
The paper is concerned with a vehicle where each front wheel is equipped with a steering equipment. Aim of the paper is to analyze the behavior of the resulting driving apparatus during the steering maneuver in order to subsequently develop a suitable control system. The analysis is carried out in two stages, termed kinematic and dynamic. The kinematic analysis describes the steering maneuver when...
In the industrial and automotive appliances, distributed systems are more and more frequently used. They require the coordinate action of several units for the systems to operate correctly. Therefore the units must exchange each other information on their activities and this is done through serial communication networks. CAN is a simple protocol that rules the operation of these networks. However,...
CAN is a communication protocol largely used in automotive and industrial appliances because of the simple procedure for its parameterization and the low cost of its circuitry. The native CAN, however, does not assure the fault-tolerance level required by safety-critical appliances and somewhat sophisticated protocols have been introduced for their networking. In an attempt to keep on the advantages...
The paper is concerned with the development of the propulsion system for two Light Electric Vehicles (LEVs), namely a city scooter and an electric bicycle. The propulsion system of the city scooter consists of a wheel motor for the traction and a lithium-ion battery for the energy storage. The propulsion system of the electric bicycle utilizes a fuel cell assisted by a supercapacitor bank for the...
The paper presents the activities ongoing in the framework of a two-year Italian National Research Project aimed at developing a distributed Driving and Steering (DaS) system for Electric Vehicles (EVs). The system is built up around an actuation module embedding a rotary-linear motor and including a power converter and a local Electronic Control Unit (ECU) to supply and control the motor. The actuation...
The paper deals with the operation of a brushless DC drive during the phase commutation. At first, the various switching patterns that can be used to command the inverter are identified. It is demonstrated that the switching patterns are a combination of two basic commutation modes. For each mode, the current transients during the phase commutation are determined as well as two significant commutation-related...
The paper is concerned with the design of the control algorithm and the operational management program of a fuel-cell (FC) supply system for electric bicycle. The FC delivers the electric energy to the dc link of the propulsion system through a dc-dc boost converter, which is equipped with an input filter to reduce the FC current ripple and an output supercapacitor bank to shave the power peaks. The...
The paper presents the design and the development of an electric tilting three-wheel vehicle. It shows the possibilities offered by the integration of novel mechanical and electrical technologies in the arrangement of a vehicle for a sustainable urban mobility. The vehicle retains the performance of a light internal-combustion vehicle with two or four wheels (acceleration, maximum speed, range) while...
Time-triggered protocols are recognized to have a high degree of dependability. The purpose of this paper is to analyze by experiments their application to the networking of the devices installed aboard train. The paper starts by reviewing the current standard for the train communications. Then the operating principles of the time-triggered protocols are illustrated, a possible arrangement for a time-triggered...
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are an in-between step for the transition from the conventional high-consumption, high- pollution vehicles to the future efficient and clean vehicles. In this paper the main HEV architectures are at first reviewed, focusing on the series-parallel one and the key role played by the power split apparatus within this architecture. Then the two solutions used for implementing...
The paper deals with a direct torque control (DTC) scheme for Induction Motor (IM) drives where flux and torque of the motor are estimated by the IM current model instead of by the voltage model. The scheme is intended to enable operation of the DTC IM drives at zero speed. As a return, its implementation requires the knowledge of speed, rotor time constant and inductive parameters of the motor. In...
In the steer-by-wire (SbW) system of new generation of vehicles the shaft of the conventional steering equipment is substituted by two electric drives. This article presents two schemes, termed torque and speed schemes, for the control of SbW system. The first scheme, designated with the torque scheme, is derived from the model of the conventional steering equipment, while the second one, designated...
Steer-by-wire (SbW) systems are candidate to replace the conventional steering equipment in the new generation of vehicles. The task of a SbW system is twofold: turning the steered wheels by tracking the handwheel rotation and providing the driver with a feeling of the steering effort. In this paper, the design of the control scheme for SbW systems is faced. Two schemes are considered: one is derived...
Modern trains are equipped with a communication network to exchange data among the numerous electric/electronic devices that nowadays are installed in the railways vehicles. Since a few years the train communication network (TCN) protocol has been chosen as the standard for the communication network aboard trains. A crucial issue for this application is the achievement of higher levels of dependability...
The automotive market is more and more interested in all-electric systems for the execution of the driving commands, i.e. in the so-called Drive-by-Wire (DbW) systems. The communication network of a DbW system is a critical component and, being the traditional field buses used in the cars not suited to highly dependable applications, new communication networks have been devised, built up around protocols...
Steer-by-wire (SbW) systems are candidate to substitute the conventional (mechanical or hydraulic) steering systems in the new generation of vehicles. The task of a SbW system is twofold: turning the road wheels tracking the handwheel rotation and providing the driver with a feeling of the steering effort. In this paper, the issue of designing a SbW system is faced. An approach is proposed, based...
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