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Electric models of battery have to take into account the effect of temperature for the state-of-charge estimation. As a matter of fact, at low temperature the driving range of the vehicle can be overestimated up to more than 20% with electric only models. We propose to couple thermal and electric battery models for improving the range estimation.
Energy management of multi-sources vehicles is a complex task. The higher the number of sources becomes, the higher the complexity is. In this study, a decomposed energy management strategy is used for a vehicle fed by three energy sources: a fuel-cell, a battery and supercapacitors. This decomposition allows simplifying the synthesis of the Energy Management Strategy. A comparison with a fuel cell...
Nowadays energy storage is the keypoint of the development of electrical vehicles (EV) for charging time, autonomy and cost reasons. The main energy storage system for electrical vehicles is the battery and can cost up to one third of the vehicle price. Nevertheless the battery has limited power features and can be damaged by EV peak power requirements. Thus higher power density energy storage systems...
A signal Hardware-In-the-Loop (S-HIL) simulator of a hybrid locomotive is proposed to test in real time energy management strategies before their implementation on the real vehicle. However, such a complex system induces a really complex real time emulator. To solve this problematic Energetic Macroscopic Representation is used to organize the numerous subsystems. Finally, the real-time emulator is...
Optimisation-based Energy Management Strategies for hybrid and electric vehicles have to face some issues for real-time applications. In this study,an online adaptive optimisation-based strategy is used for an electric vehicle with a Hybrid Energy Storage System including supercapacitors and batteries. The SCs voltage limitations are taken into account by using a feedback control. Indeed the voltage...
Energy management strategy (EMS) is the key for efficient hybrid vehicles. Two EMS kinds can be generally used: optimal-based algorithms to reach optimum and rule-based algorithms for its easy implementation. The paper objective is to propose a hybrid optimal EMS using optimal-based and rule-based approaches to use benefits of each approach. This hybrid optimal approach enables to reduce the computation...
This paper deals with the hybridization of a diesel-electric locomotive to a series hybrid locomotive by adding batteries to the diesel-electric locomotive. The number of battery depends on the energy used by this kind of vehicle during typical trips. Different hybridization rates are considered from a generator system from 50 kW to 650 kW. The Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) is used to...
This paper deals with energy management for electric vehicle using SuperCapacitors (SCs) and battery. SCs are connected to the DC bus through a converter whereas battery is directly connected to the DC bus. Using the inversion-based rules of Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR), a systematic control structure can be deduced. Some differences can be shown in comparison with classical control...
Electric vehicle (EV) are one solution for the next decades to face the greenhouse gases emission issue. The most important drawbacks about the EV concern the limited range depending of the battery performances and the charging time. The vehicle range is estimated with standard drive cycles and ideal conditions. The objective of this paper is to propose a simulation tool to calculate the energy distribution...
This paper deals with inversion-based control of EVs with Hybrid Energy Storage System based on battery and supercapacitors. Using inversion rules of Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR), a systematic control structure can be deduced. However, it points out the possibility of an algebraic loop issue. Furthermore, it may result in computation problems. This paper aims to exhibit some solutions...
A Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT) is introduced in the simulation model of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). The CVT-based vehicle simulation and its control are deduced from the Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR). Simulations are provided to show the interest of the CVT in term of fuel consumption.
The aim of this paper is to determine an appropriate model of a hybrid diesel-electric locomotive in order to estimate its fuel consumption and test new energy managements. The locomotive is composed of a diesel-based generation subsystem, a battery — supercapacitors storage subsystem and a traction subsystem. A quasi-static model of the locomotive has been carried out from dynamical model. It allows...
Energy Storage Subsystems (ESSs) are more and more used in Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) to face the problem of the lifetime and cost of the fuel cell. In this paper, a FVC using supercapacitors is considered. Two different control schemes are deduced from the Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) of the system. Comparisons are provided for an urban drive cycle.
The present work addresses the modeling and control of an electric vehicle. The novelty is the utilization of both functional and structural approaches in the same simulation environment. On the one hand, it is deduced the Bond Graph model (structural approach) from the physical system, thus the system and its model present a direct correspondence. On the other hand, the control structure is easily...
The Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) has been developed in 2000 to design control of electrical systems. Since 2002 this graphical tool has been introduced to teach control of electrical systems in France, then Canada and Switzerland. A Photovoltaic Conversion System is simulated using EMR in order to present an actual and valuable example for students within renewable energy applications.
Nowadays, no electrochemical energy system presents a competitive operation if compared with internal combustion engine, which is the reason for combining electrochemical energy systems to obtain a hybrid energy storage system. This paper presents a fuel cell-battery-ultracapacitor system for vehicle application. The objective of this paper is to present the Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR)...
This paper will undertake simulation of series-parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) with application to municipal truck. The height, weight and power requirement of these types of vehicles makes them increasingly complex and complicated. The first step to understanding the complexity is to use a model for the vehicle. This will then lead to a simulation of an overall system. To accomplish this,...
The energy storage is a key issue for traction applications like Electric Vehicles (EVs) or Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). Indeed, it needs a higher power and energy density, a right size, a long lifetime and a low cost. A Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) using batteries and supercapacitors seems to be an appropriate device to fulfill these constraints. The objective of the paper is to propose...
Four French Grandes Écoles (Engineering and Business Schools) of PARISTECH open in October 2010 an education program which main objective is the impact study of the massive insertion of electrical energy in autonomous vehicles. The program with a common core curriculum and two different options is described.
Simulation is a key issue in the design of control electrical systems. Simulation packages using component library, such as PSIM®, are very useful to achieve this goal. The simulation model is thus easily built from the system topology (structural model). But the deduction of the control scheme is more difficult, because a functional model is more suitable. Some graphical descriptions, such as EMR...
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