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Modern microprocessor-based low-impedance differential relays use a percentage differential principle that utilizes traditional dual slope characteristics. Many differential mis-operations occur with these traditional methods as a result of CT saturation, DC offset, or current subsidence. One reason is because the traditional operating and restraining principles rely heavily on the current magnitude,...
With the increased use of renewable wind energy, wind farms are being built in remote areas, often far from load centers. The required long transmission lines are often constructed with series capacitive compensation to electrically shorten the lines. Events in the transmission system can cause interactions between the series capacitors and the system's inherent impedance which can result in sub-synchronous...
Today Ethernet is the predominant networking technology used in office and home environments. Because Ethernet networks are inexpensive and fairly well understood, their use is quickly becoming popular for industrial and utility applications including substation automation networks. A variety of flexible network architectures offering different levels of performance, cost and redundancy are achievable...
Serial communications has been the mainstay for communication systems for more than a decade using RS232 and RS485 as the physical layer. However, the Ethernet juggernaut is enticing systems engineers to reevaluate their existing approach to telemetry with the potential benefits of a bigger ‘pipe’. Fortunately, familiar protocols like Modbus and DNP support TCP/IP over Ethernet making the switch relatively...
Today Ethernet is the predominant networking technology used in office and home environments. Because Ethernet networks are inexpensive and fairly well understood, their use is quickly becoming popular for industrial and utility applications including substation automation networks.
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