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Defect chemistry in carbon matrix shows great potential for promoting the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of metal single‐atom catalysts. Herein, a modified pyrolysis strategy is proposed to tune carbon defects in copper single‐atom catalysts (Cu‐SACs) to fully understand their positive effect on the ORR activity. The optimized Cu‐SACs with controllable carbon defect degree and enhanced active specific...
Hierarchical flower-structured two-dimensional (2D) nanosheet is favorable for electrochemical reactions. The unique structure not only exposes the maximized active sites and shortens ion/electron diffusion channels, but also inhibits the structural strain during cycling processes. Herein, we report the hierarchical flower-like pure spinel manganese-based oxide nanosheets synthesized via a template-orientated...
Electromagnetism-like method (EM) has proved to be a very robust algorithm for solving non-differentiable and non-convex unconstrained optimization problems. In this paper, we extend EM to solve constrained optimization problems. Firstly, a new constraint handling approach is introduced which transforms constrained optimization problem into a bi-objective optimization problem, and a preference selection...
Graph coloring problem is a classical NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem. In this paper, a new bi-objective model for the coloring problem is presented. Based on this new model, a bi-objective genetic algorithm is proposed which employs effective crossover and simple mutation operator as the genetic operators. The global convergence of the proposed algorithm to globally optimal set with probability...
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