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Efficient energy management in buildings is becoming an important requirement aimed at reducing energy costs and environmental pollution. Setting a monthly budget for energy consumption, and consequently energy cost, of buildings is being practiced by several organizations in a bid to reduce their carbon footprint. However, the impact of such an energy budget on the indoor comfort of users in a building...
In this paper we consider the selection and deployment of MANET protocol to efficiently route the traffic and communicate in Tactical Battle Area (TBA). Tactical Wireless Communication Network (TWCN) provides connectivity between Wide Area System (WAS) of TWCN nodes, forming a backbone transmission network. TWCN is for TBA that consists of Network Centric Systems. These entities impose routing challenges...
Long Term Evolution (LTE) boasts several throughput enhancing techniques like optimized MAC layer protocols, better modulation schemes, spatial multiplexing, carrier aggregation, etc. Although these techniques allow LTE to offer data rates as high as 300 Mbps, LTE is expected to fall short of consumer expectations due to the exponentially increasing user data demands. In a bid to cope with the increasing...
The exponentially increasing demand for higher data rates has pushed the mobile network operators and researchers to scout for ways to improve the system bandwidth, most notably by using the unlicensed band which already hosts long-standing technologies like Wi-Fi. Of late, some effort has gone into exploring the performance of Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA) which can boost the bandwidth of LTE by...
To achieve ever increasing demand for higher user throughput, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) have introduced Carrier Aggregation (CA) feature in the Long-Term Evolution — Advanced (LTE-A) standard. Wherein, the CA feature widens the transmission bandwidth by aggregating multiple Component Carriers (CCs) to meet the demand for higher data rate. To the best of our knowledge, till now available...
Carrier Aggregation (CA) features will enhance Quality of Service (QoS) for the users as well as cell throughput of the LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) base-station (eNodeB). To deliver a high QoS for users, an eNodeB requires a well-designed and efficient CA enabled downlink scheduling algorithm. Enabling aggregation of multiple component carriers leads to huge power consumption compared with non-CA scenario...
Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly growing segment and it is expected to have billions of connected devices by 2020. Cellular technology is a great foundation for IoT connectivity given its advantages of global reach, larger coverage than WiFi, reliability and security in using licensed spectrum. Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile (EC-GSM) and Narrow Band-LTE (NB-LTE) are gaining importance...
Biohythane (biohydrogen + biomethane) from lignocellulosic biomass is a win — win solution for the supply of renewable energy and valorization of organic wastes. Lignocellulosic biomass contents mainly lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. The carbohydrate contains is approximately 70–80% (w/w) of the total biomass. These carbohydrates can be suitable raw material for dark fermentative biohydrogen...
Dark fermentative effluents were used as substrates in Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and the power outputs of MFCs were improved by optimization of influential anodic operational parameters. An initial power density of 1.4 W/m3 was obtained by an enriched mixed electrogenic which was further increased to 5.43 W/m3 by optimization of influential anodic parameters. By utilizing various dark fermentative...
A customized 20 L airlift photobioreactor was utilized for the growth of Chlorella sp. MJ 11/11. The biomass obtained was further used for production of biodiesel. A one step transesterification process was utilized for the production of biodiesel from algal lipids. The lipid content of Chlorella sp. MJ 11/11 was determined to be 58% w/w. The biomass obtained was flocculated using chitosan (stock...
An LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) constitutes of a macro cell and small cells, where, the former acts as an overlay network and the latter as an underlay network. In HetNet, enabling Carrier Aggregation (CA) usually results in severe downlink interference at small cells from macro cell because of high powered transmissions from macro cell on over-lapping component carriers (co-channels)...
In recent past SMS (Short Message Service) has become very popular data bearer in GSM networks. SMS, inherently being a messaging protocol, has always been point-to-point and in plaintext. For m-commerce transactions, SMS will be routed through public networks and some application servers of the merchant. Also, to protect itself against unknown roaming environments, SMS needs peer-to-peer object level...
Spectral efficiency for LTE-A can be improved by using Opportunistic Spectrum Access (OSA). OSA calls for accurate identification of unused spectral bands, mostly using spectrum sensing. While considerable amount of work has been done on spectrum sensing, the actual implementation issues in mapping sensing operation into the 3GPP defined LTE-A framework, is scarcely addressed. In this paper, we explore...
Studies carried out across the world have revealed underutilization of the UHF/VHF TV bands. Standards and required equipment to opportunistically harness these TV whitespaces have evolved in recent past. Progress is also being made in India with respect to the study of the TV band spectral occupancies and it potential usage. One of the most attractive uses of TV whitespace in India would be for last...
Apart from research being done on using SDN in wired networks, there have been attempts made to extend similar concepts in wireless domain as well, to improve network performance. There have been several architectural proposals put forward which includes concepts like reconfigurable data plane in base-stations e.g. OpenRadio to different Radio Access Technology (RAT). These ideas can be extended further...
Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) that promises better support to richer applications is expected to catalyze the explosive growth in the number of subscribers and their demand for traffic. Such unprecedented growth will push the limits of energy consumption in the operators network. Hence, there is a need to introduce power saving mechanisms in LTE-A to minimize the energy consumption. In this...
LTE uses the SC-FDMA radio access technology for its uplink data traffic transmission from the User Equipment (UE) to eNodeB. To the best of our knowledge the uplink MAC scheduling decisions at the eNodeB that have been proposed so far for Small Cell network are mostly based on single parameters like channel awareness, buffer status, or minimal power transmission. In this paper, we propose a novel...
Users run multiple applications simultaneously on single mobile device (MD) like mobile phone, tablet etc.. Utility and importance of different applications are not same and relative value depends on individual user. But in Internet architecture, available bandwidth is shared by applications equally. In wireless connection, fluctuation of bandwidth is common event and all applications are affected...
Machine Type Communication (MTC) is becoming an integral part of the Long Term Evolution — Advanced (LTE-A) cellular network. Challenges arise when some of the MTC devices, due to the nature of their applications, are deployed in low signal locations. As per 3GPP requirements, there is a need for additional coverage enhancement up to 20 dB in comparison with LTE category 1 UE for MTC devices. In the...
In Software Defined Network (SDN) flow rules for data packets in a session are decided in controller-nodes which are geographically away from data carrying nodes. The traverse time for request and control packets between controller-node and data-node causes delay in executing flow rule on packets. Flow rules are stored in data node for limited time to save expensive memory. Whenever some flow rule...
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