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Tadpoles, Lithobates (formerly Rana) catesbeiana, were held for 8–12 weeks in pond water that was either teratogen free or contained 0.15% ethanol or 30μg/L nicotine. The ventilatory and neuroventilatory consequences of these developmental exposures were assessed. Developmental exposure to ethanol or nicotine blocked the hypercapnia-induced increase in surfacing frequency typically exhibited by tadpoles,...